1990s US study identified ten adverse childhood experiences

Given the high proportion of youth ... sought to conceptualize and measure CA. One of the most widely used measures of youth adversity is the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) scale, which was originally developed in the 1990s (Felitti et al., 1998)....

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) typically describe adversity that has occurred in childhood and often includes child maltreatment and other household challenges. In 1998, Felitti and colleagues published the first research article using Wave I data from the original ACEs Study, which included eight ACEs: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, household member with substance use problems, household member with mental illness, mother treated violently, household criminal behavior, and parental separation or divorce [1, 2]. In Wave II of the original ACEs Study, the number of ACEs was expanded to 10 with the addition of physical neglect and emotional neglect [3]. Since the 1998 ACEs Study publication, the literature on ACEs has grown substantially.

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The examples above are not a complete list of adverse experiences. Many other traumatic experiences could impact health and well-being. This can include not having enough food to eat, experiencing homelessness, or unstable housing.2345 · ACEs are common. Three in four high school students reported experiencing one or more ACEs, and one in five experienced four or more ACEs.

The original ACE study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente from 1995 to 1997 with two waves of data collection. Over 17,000 Health Maintenance Organization members from Southern California receiving physical exams completed confidential surveys regarding their childhood experiences and current ...

Criticisms levelled at the ACEs framework include its choice of, and restriction to, the ten ACEs and its failure to acknowledge the existence and impact of a wide range of other sources of adversity, as well as structural and social inequalities.

The research groups the 10 original ACEs into three buckets, Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction. A brief description is provided below: ... A graphic titled "10 Original Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)" showing three columns of images with text. The first column shows a person with ...

Today, the knowledge clinicians have carried for decades about trauma has emerged in discussions in public health, medicine and education in the forms of trauma-informed practices and research on childhood trauma, toxic stress and ACEs. The impetus for these discussions lies with a study that, like our knowledge base, is not new. In the late 1990s, researchers at the Center for Disease Control and Kaiser Permanente in Southern California[1] were able to provide very compelling evidence that childhood trauma and instability impact health outcomes. They surveyed 17,000 primarily white, middle-class adults. Each person indicated whether any of the ten adverse experiences occurred in his or her childhood.